{"id":46,"date":"2020-03-25T18:32:47","date_gmt":"2020-03-25T09:32:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/?page_id=46"},"modified":"2021-02-18T15:43:31","modified_gmt":"2021-02-18T06:43:31","slug":"history","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/facility\/history\/","title":{"rendered":"Construction and Renovations"},"content":{"rendered":"
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(1) Initial Construction of the Complex under Qalawun<\/h4>\r\n \r\n

The Qalawun charitable endowment complex consists of three main facilities: a mausoleum, a madrasa, and a hospital. According to the inscription above the entrance, the entire complex was constructed in only 13 months (June\u2013July 1284 to July\u2013August 1285), which was exceptionally fast for that era. The hospital was completed at the end of the year construction began. Next, construction of the mausoleum began around December 1284 or January 1285, and was completed within four months. And madrasa construction began around April-May 1285, and was completed in July-August that same year.1<\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\r\n \r\n

1<\/sup> Behrens-Abouseif, 2007: 134.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

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Inscription above the complex entrance<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/figure>\r\n\r\n

The complex was completed in such a short time because the construction work was carried out in a rather brutal manner. It began with the eviction of occupants from the Qu\u1e6db\u012bya residential area2<\/sup> in the site planned site for the hospital3<\/sup>. In addition to the Cairo and Fustat craftsmen recruited for the work, it is said that even passers-by were forced to work at the construction site4<\/sup>. Construction is also said to have used hundreds of Mongolian prisoners of war taken in battles with the Il-khanate5<\/sup>. Also, other buildings were destroyed to provide the materials to build the hospital6<\/sup>. Because of these issues, some legal scholars went as far as issuing fatw\u0101s (legal opinions) that worship there was not permissible7<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

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Columns of different heights near the entrance. These columns appear to be reused. Such reappropriated elements are found throughout the facility.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

2<\/sup> The site of the west royal palace of the Fatimid dynasty, where the Qalawun hospital was later built, was in the late Ayyubid dynasty (1169\u20131250) the residence of Qu\u1e6db al-D\u012bn A\u1e25mad, the son of Ayyubid Sultan al-\u2018\u0100dil I (reigned 1200\u20131218). It therefore was known as \u201cthe Qu\u1e6db\u012bya\u2019s Residence\u201d. Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i>, 4: 692.
\r\n 3<\/sup> Ta’r\u012bkh Ibn al-Fur\u0101t<\/i>, 7: 278.
\r\n 4<\/sup> Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i>, 4: 698.
\r\n 5<\/sup> Northrup, 1998: 122.
\r\n 6<\/sup> Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i>, 4: 698.
\r\n 7<\/sup> Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i>, 4: 698.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

According to the endowment document (waqf\u012bya<\/i>), Qalawun mainly donated real estate in the city. Income generated from the real estate was used to build and maintain the complex. According to contemporaneous accounts, most income from his donation was allocated to the hospital. Al-Maqr\u012bz\u012b (died 1444), a prominent historian during the Mamluk era, estimated that income to be 1 million dirhams (50,000 dinars) annually8<\/sup>. Among the donated real estate were qays\u0101r\u012byas<\/i> (courtyard-style commerce facilities) and a \u1e25amm\u0101m<\/i> (bathhouse) near the Qalawun complex9<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

8<\/sup> Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i>, 4: 696. The endowment document do not specify how much of the total income from the donated properties was allocated to each facility.
\r\n 9<\/sup> Mamluk-era encyclopedist al-Nuwayr\u012b (died 1332), who was engaged in the management of the hospital, wrote that many other donations helped support the operations of the hospital. These are believed to include some properties donated after construction was completed\uff08Nih\u0101ya<\/i>, 31: 106\uff09\u3002<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/section> \r\n\r\n\r\n

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(2) Expansion and Renovations<\/h4>\r\n\r\n

After Qalawun\u2019s death, the sultans that succeeded him made additional property donations, expanding the complex\u2019s financial resources. Qalawun\u2019s son and successor, Sultan Khal\u012bl (reigned 1290\u201394), endowed land in the cities of Tyre and Acre to his father\u2019s mausoleum. This was his way of sharing with his late father the spoils of military campaigns against the Crusaders in Syria and Palestine. He also endowed real estate in Cairo to his father\u2019s madrasa10<\/sup>. Qalawun\u2019s grandsons Sultan Ab\u016b Bakr (reigned 41) and Sultan al-\u1e62\u0101li\u1e25 Ism\u0101\u2018\u012bl (reigned 1342\u201345) also donated to the mausoleum11<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n \r\n

10<\/sup> Sul\u016bk<\/i>, 1: 769; Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i>, 4: 523.
\r\n 11<\/sup> See Sul\u016bk<\/i>, 2: 623 regarding donations by Sultan Ab\u016b Bakr. See Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i>, 4: 518 regarding donations by Sultan al-\u1e62\u0101li\u1e25.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

In 1325, 40 years after the complex was consecrated, Qalawun\u2019s son Sultan al-N\u0101\u1e63ir Mu\u1e25ammad (reigned 1294\u201395, 1299\u20131309, 1309\u20131340) undertook the first full-scale renovation. Amir (military commander) \u0100q\u016bsh al-Ashraf\u012b was in charge of this work. He carried out large-scale construction, such as renovating the hospital \u012bw\u0101ns<\/i>, decorating the exterior walls, and installing a sab\u012bl<\/i> (public water fountain). A sunshade was also installed, to protect the shops outside the facility from the sun. These construction projects took five months, and were all paid out by \u0100q\u016bsh. Historian and encyclopedist al-Nuwayr\u012b (died 1332) reported as follows:<\/p>\r\n \r\n

Amir \u0100q\u016bsh instructed the hospital not to leave any sick behind. People who had been there (in the hospital) from before were expelled. The sick and many wards were removed from the (hospital\u2019s) \u012bw\u0101ns<\/i>, leaving nothing in the hospital except patients with mental conditions and some others with medical conditions. Then, the renovation [actually] began at the facility. When the renovation work began, coats of plaster and varnish were applied, and the outer walls of the mausoleum, madrasa, and minaret were carved with chisels (az\u0101m\u012bl<\/i>). The renovation work continued until (the month) Jumada I (April-May 1326). From the beginning of that year until Tuesday the 11th of Jumada I, the four \u012bw\u0101ns<\/i> of the hospital were empty. On this day, \u0100q\u016bsh ordered the medically ill to be returned (to the hospital). The total cost of this repair work was just under 60,000 dinars. (Nih\u0101ya<\/i>, 33: 202\u2013203)<\/blockquote>\r\n \r\n

Historian al-Maqr\u012bz\u012b (died 1444) reported as follows:<\/p>\r\n \r\n

When Amir \u0100q\u016bsh, the Governor of al-Karak, was appointed trustee of the hospital in 1326, he added a ward for the sick and decorated the walls of the building with stone, making (the building) look like it had just been built. The exteriors of the madrasa<\/i> and the mausoleum were repainted with gold paint, and a sunshade of 100 dhir\u0101\u2018<\/i> (1 dhir\u0101\u2018<\/i> is about 66.5 cm) was installed, extending from the wall of the mausoleum adjacent to Sultan al-N\u0101\u1e63ir Mu\u1e25ammad\u2019s madrasa<\/i> to Qalawun\u2019s madrasa<\/i> directly opposite al-\u1e63\u0101gha<\/i> (the s\u016bq where the metalsmiths are concentrated). This was to protect the various street stalls (where goods for sale were spread out) that sell small containers from the heat of the sun. Ropes were installed to cover them (unfurl and spread the awning to cover the line of street stalls) when it was hot, which could be folded when not in (direct) sunlight. It was placed up high. In addition, a water trough for livestock was moved from near the hospital gate (to another location). The excrement that accumulated in front (of the original water trough) stank and offended people, and it was therefore removed (from in front of the hospital). In place of the (livestock) water trough, a sab\u012bl<\/i> (public water fountain) was installed at the hospital entrance, so that people could drink water from it. (Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i>, 4: 697)<\/blockquote>\r\n\r\n
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Sab\u012bl<\/i> (public water fountain) in front of the entrance to the complex<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/figure>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/section> \r\n\r\n\r\n
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(3) Renovations Since the Early Modern Period<\/h4>\r\n\r\n
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In 1776, hospital supervisor \u2018Abd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n Katkhud\u0101 undertook major renovations. As a part of these renovations, the domes above the antechamber and the mausoleum were removed, while the residences on the south side of the madrasa were demolished and an arcade was installed there.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Qalawun mausoleum with the dome removed (sometime around 1900)
\r\n Source: Photograph in the Victoria and Albert Museum taken by Jean Pascal Seba
\r\n Image source: V&A Museum (http:\/\/collections.vam.ac.uk\/item\/O1277147\/the-mosque-of-mamluk-sultan-photograph-sebah-jean-pascal\/#<\/a>)<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div> \r\n \r\n
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An arcade now stands in place of a removed dormitory<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/figure> \r\n \r\n \r\n
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Then, in the early 20th century, major renovations were carried out by the Comit\u00e9 de Conservation des Monuments de l’Art Arabe, which oversees the management and preservation of historic buildings and archaeological sites. The Qalawun complex we see today is the result of those renovations. A concrete dome was installed above the mausoleum, which had stood roofless for over a century12<\/sup>. Uncertain of the original dome design, renovation work director Max Hertz (died 1919) patterned the new dome after that of the Sultan Khal\u012bl Mausoleum. The interior of the mausoleum was also restored at this time.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

12<\/sup> Behrens-Abouseif, 2007: 138.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Qalawun complex after restoration (around 1910)
\r\n Source: Unknown photographer
\r\n Image source: Wikimedia Commons (https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0b\/Qalaun_after_restoration.jpg<\/a>)<\/figcaption>\r\n <\/div> \r\n \r\n
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References<\/b>
\r\n Primary sources:
\r\n Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i>: al-Maqr\u012bz\u012b, Taq\u012b al-D\u012bn A\u1e25mad ibn \u02bfAl\u012b ibn \u02bfAbd al-Q\u0101dir. 2002\u201304. al-Maw\u0101\u02bfi\u1e93 wal-I\u02bftib\u0101r f\u012b Dhikr al-Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i> wal-\u0100th\u0101r. London: al-Furq\u0101n Islamic Heritage Foundation.
\r\n Nih\u0101ya<\/i>: Nuwayri\u0304, Ah\u0323mad ibn \u02bbAbd al-Wahha\u0304b. 1923\u201355 (vol. 1\u201318); 1975\u201392 (vol. 19\u201331). Niha\u0304yat al-Arab fi\u0304 funu\u0304n al-adab. 31 vols. Cairo: Mat\u0323ba\u02bba Da\u0304r al-Kutub al-Mis\u0323ri\u0304ya.
\r\n Sul\u016bk<\/i>: al-Maqr\u012bz\u012b, Taq\u012b al-D\u012bn A\u1e25mad b. ‘Al\u012b b. Abd al-Q\u0101dir. 1939\u201373. Kit\u0101b al-Sul\u016bk<\/i> li-Ma\u02bbrifat Duwal al-Mul\u016bk. 4 vols. Cairo: Ma\u1e6dba’a Da\u0304r al-Kutub al-Mi\u1e63ri\u0304ya.
\r\n Ta’rikh Ibn al-Furat<\/i> : Ibn al-Fura\u0304t, Mu\u1e25ammad ibn \u02bbAbd al-Ra\u1e25i\u0304m. 1936. Ta’rikh Ibn al-Furat<\/i>. Bayru\u0304t: al-Ma\u1e6dba’a al-Amirka\u0304n\u012bya.<\/small><\/p>\r\n \r\n

Secondary works:
\r\n Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. 2007. Cairo of the Mamluks: a history of the architecture and its culture. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press.
\r\n Northrup, Linda Stevens. 1998. From slave to sultan: the career of Al-Mans\u0323u\u0304r Qala\u0304wu\u0304n and the consolidation of Mamluk rule in Egypt and Syria (678-689 A.H. \/1279-1290 A.D.). Stuttgart: F. Steiner.<\/small><\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n
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English translation: Jeff Gedert<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(1) Initial Construction of the Complex under Qalawun The Qalawun charitable endowment complex consists of three main facilities: a mausoleum, a madrasa, and a hospital. According to the inscription above the entrance, the entire complex was constructed in only 13 months (June\u2013July 1284 to July\u2013August 1285), which was exceptionally fast for that era. The hospital was completed at the end of the year construction began. Next, construction of the mausoleum began around December 1284 or January 1285, and was completed within four months. And madrasa construction began around April-May 1285, and was completed in July-August that same year.1\u3002 1 Behrens-Abouseif, 2007: 134. Inscription above the complex entrance The complex was completed in such a short time because the construction work was carried out in a rather brutal manner. It began with the eviction of occupants from the Qu\u1e6db\u012bya residential area2 in the site planned site for the hospital3. In addition to the Cairo and Fustat craftsmen recruited for the work,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":8,"menu_order":10,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=46"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":446,"href":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/46\/revisions\/446"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}