{"id":57,"date":"2020-03-25T19:33:49","date_gmt":"2020-03-25T10:33:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/?page_id=57"},"modified":"2021-02-18T16:20:37","modified_gmt":"2021-02-18T07:20:37","slug":"function","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/facility\/function\/","title":{"rendered":"Layout &#038; Facilities"},"content":{"rendered":"<section>\r\n  <div class=\"inner-content\">\r\n  \r\n    <p>The Qalawun charitable endowment complex is located on the west side of the <i>Bayn al-Qa\u1e63rayn<\/i> section of al-Mu\u2018izz Street. Across the street, on the east side, is the mausoleum of Qalawun\u2019s former lord Ayyubid Sultan al-S\u0101li\u1e25 Ayy\u016bb, and the <i>madrasa<\/i> of Qalawun\u2019s ally Mamluk Sultan Baybars. As you enter the Qalawun complex, a corridor extends forward. The mausoleum is on your right, and the madrasa is on your left. The hospital site is at the end of the corridor.<\/p>\r\n    \r\n    <figure class=\"img center\">\r\n      <img src=\"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/wp-content\/themes\/aakenvr_temp\/img\/facility\/function\/function01.jpg\" usemap=\"#Map\"  \/>\r\n      <figcaption>Source: Esri, map data: OpenStreetMap.<\/figcaption>\r\n    <\/figure>\r\n\r\n    <script src=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/jQuery-rwdImageMaps\/1.6\/jquery.rwdImageMaps.min.js\"><\/script>\r\n    <script>\r\n        $('img[usemap]').rwdImageMaps();\r\n    <\/script>\r\n    <map name=\"Map\" id=\"Map\">\r\n      <area shape=\"rect\" coords=\"358,189,422,241\" href=\"#sec01\" \/>\r\n      <area shape=\"rect\" coords=\"307,251,410,305\" href=\"#sec02\" \/>\r\n      <area shape=\"rect\" coords=\"228,199,300,250\" href=\"#sec03\" \/>\r\n    <\/map>\r\n\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<section>\r\n  <div class=\"inner-content\">\r\n    <div id=\"sec01\">\r\n      <h4>Mausoleum<\/h4>\r\n      \r\n      <figure class=\"img\">\r\n        <img src=\"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/wp-content\/themes\/aakenvr_temp\/img\/facility\/function\/floor01.jpg\" \/>\r\n      <\/figure>\r\n      \r\n      <p>The entrance to the mausoleum was designed to lead worshipers eastward from the corridor between the mausoleum and the hospital (to the west), passing through an antechamber into the main room of the mausoleum. (A side entrance with a few stairs now exists, so visitors can also enter the main room directly from the complex\u2019s main entranceway corridor.)<\/p>\r\n      \r\n      <p>The main room has a square layout, with eight large columns arranged in an octagon providing support for the soaring dome above the middle. Wooden latticework panels enclose the center of the floor, where an empty wooden tomb sits symbolizing the bodies buried beneath it, which are Qalawun, his son Sultan al-N\u0101\u1e63ir Mu\u1e25ammad, and his grandson Sultan al-\u1e62\u0101li\u1e25 Ism\u0101\u2018\u012bl. The room\u2019s <i>mi\u1e25r\u0101b<\/i> (an indentation in the wall indicating the direction of Mecca) is on the main room\u2019s east wall, outside which is al-Mu\u2018izz Street.<\/p>\r\n      \r\n      <p class=\"note\"><sup>1<\/sup> <i>Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i>, 4: 516.<\/p>\r\n      \r\n      <figure class=\"img center\">\r\n        <img src=\"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/wp-content\/themes\/aakenvr_temp\/img\/facility\/function\/function02.jpg\" \/>\r\n        <figcaption>Latticework panels that enclose the symbolic casket<\/figcaption>\r\n      <\/figure>\r\n      \r\n      <figure class=\"img center\">\r\n        <img src=\"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/wp-content\/themes\/aakenvr_temp\/img\/facility\/function\/function03.jpg\" \/>\r\n        <figcaption>The mausoleum\u2019s centerpiece is the cenotaph (symbolic tomb)<\/figcaption>\r\n      <\/figure>\r\n\r\n      <p>This mausoleum functioned not only as the burial place of the above-mentioned sultans, but also as a place of learning. For example, courses on <i>had\u012bth<\/i> (the traditions of the prophet) and <i>tafs\u012br<\/i> (Qur&#8217;an interpretation) were offered here. The costs of running these courses were covered by income from commercial facilities, a bathhouse, and an orchard in Cairo donated by Qalawun. The paid staff included 50 Qur&#8217;an readers, one professor each for <i>had\u012bth<\/i> and <i>tafs\u012br<\/i> lectures, one im\u0101m to lead worship services, six <i>muadhdhins<\/i> to perform <i>adh\u0101ns<\/i> (call to prayer), six servants, and other assistants. It also provided scholarships and dormitories for 30 students each (60 in total) who attended <i>had\u012bth<\/i> and <i>tafs\u012br<\/i> lectures<sup class=\"note\">2<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n      <p>Qalawun\u2019s son and successor Sultan Khal\u012bl (reigned 1290\u201394) designated as &#8220;special wards&#8221; the villages and port cities of Sur and Acker, which he had captured in battle against the Crusaders, and donated them as a newly added financial resource for this mausoleum. This funding paid additional salaries to six servants, one im\u0101m, and 50 Qur&#8217;an readers who were already involved in the operation of the mausoleum. This source of income also paid the repair costs for a water wheel, and bought rugs, as well as oil and wax required for prayer and worship services<sup class=\"note\">3<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n      <p class=\"note\"><sup>2<\/sup> <i>Nih\u0101ya<\/i>, 31: 110\u201311.<br \/>\r\n      <sup>3<\/sup> <i>Sul\u016bk<\/i>, 1: 769; <i>Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i>, 4: 523<\/p>\r\n\r\n       <p>Qalawun\u2019s grandson Sultan Ab\u016b Bakr (reigned 1340\u201341) also donated funding for Qur&#8217;an reading and writing courses at the mausoleum, and provided funds for bread and scholarships for orphans and the poor, in addition to the usual students, on the condition that they worked hard in studying the Qur&#8217;an. Similarly, Qalawun\u2019s grandson, al-\u1e62\u0101li\u1e25 Ism\u0101\u2018\u012bl (reigned 1342\u201345), provided funding for lectures on the four Sunni schools of interpretation of Islamic law at this mausoleum, separate from the Islamic law lectures offered in the <i>madrasa<\/i><sup class=\"note\">4<\/sup>. These additional courses were also provided enough support through an endowment system. What was the point in holding Qur&#8217;an studies inside a mausoleum? The idea was that by having regular lectures on the Qur&#8217;an and Islamic law here, where Qalawun, al-N\u0101\u1e63ir Mu\u1e25ammad, and al-\u1e62\u0101li\u1e25 Ism\u0101\u2018\u012bl are all entombed, they would hear the Qur&#8217;an and <i>had\u012bth<\/i> being recited, providing an ideal environment for them to sleep peacefully until Judgement Day.<\/p>\r\n\r\n       <p class=\"note\"><sup>4<\/sup> <i>Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i>, 4: 518.<\/p>\r\n       \r\n       <div class=\"clearfix\">\r\n         <div class=\"halfText floatRight\">\r\n           <p>This mausoleum was also a place where major royalty-related ceremonies were held. From the beginning of the Mamluk dynasty, at the time of investiture ceremonies, it was the custom for amirs to wear a robe of honor (khil\u02bfa) given by the Sultan as they marched from the hilltop fortress to the mausoleum of Qalawun\u2019s former lord Ayyubid Sultan al-\u1e62\u0101li\u1e25 Ayy\u016bb. After Qalawun, however, the destination of the march was changed to the Qalawun mausoleum, and the oath was taken in front of Qalawun\u2019s tomb. It is said that lavish banquets were held in the mausoleum. These practices ceased with the end of the \u201cQalawun dynasty\u201d, wherein the sultans were Qalawun\u2019s descendants<sup class=\"note\">5<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n       \r\n           <p class=\"note\"><sup>5<\/sup> <i>Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i>, 4: 522; Behrens-Abouseif, 2007: 138.<\/p>\r\n         <\/div>\r\n         <figure class=\"halfImg floatLeft\">\r\n           <img src=\"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/wp-content\/themes\/aakenvr_temp\/img\/facility\/function\/function04.jpg\" \/>\r\n           <figcaption>The mausoleum\u2019s <i>mi\u1e25r\u0101b<\/i>, said to be the most ornate <i>mi\u1e25r\u0101b<\/i> created during the Mamluk dynasty<\/figcaption>\r\n         <\/figure>\r\n       <\/div>\r\n     <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<section>\r\n  <div class=\"inner-content\">\r\n\r\n     <h4>Minaret<\/h4>\r\n    \r\n     <figure class=\"img\">\r\n       <img src=\"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/wp-content\/themes\/aakenvr_temp\/img\/facility\/function\/floor02.jpg\" \/>\r\n     <\/figure>\r\n     \r\n     <div class=\"clearfix\">\r\n       <div class=\"halfText floatRight\">\r\n         <p>A stone minaret is located on the north end of the east side (street side) of the mausoleum. According to Doris Behrens-Abouseif, this was the earliest example of a juxtaposed dome and minaret that would later characterize the Mamluk mausoleum architecture<sup class=\"note\">6<\/sup>. Triumphant warriors would typically enter the city through <i>Bab al-Fut\u016b\u1e25<\/i> (Conquest Gate) to the north and proceed south through <i>Bayn al-Qa\u1e63rayn<\/i>, which shows that this minaret was in a visibly important position.<\/p>\r\n         \r\n         <p class=\"note\"><sup>6<\/sup> Behrens-Abouseif, 2007: 134.<\/p>\r\n       <\/div>\r\n       <figure class=\"halfImg floatLeft\">\r\n         <img src=\"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/wp-content\/themes\/aakenvr_temp\/img\/facility\/function\/function05.jpg\" \/>\r\n       <\/figure>\r\n     <\/div>\r\n\r\n     <p>The minaret stands 56.2 meters tall, as measured by Islamic architectural historian K. A. C. Creswell. This complex\u2019s minaret is said to have been the first stone minaret after the al-\u1e24\u0101kim Mosque (built in 992), which was built during the Fatimid dynasty. From the top of this minaret, the adh\u0101n call to prayer was performed five times a day to announce each time for worship.<\/p>\r\n\r\n     <p>The Qalawun complex minaret (background center) as seen from the north end of the <i>Bayn al-Qa\u1e63rayn<\/i> district. The minaret of the Sultan Barq\u016bq complex (foreground right) is also seen. The minaret and dome of the Sultan al-N\u0101\u1e63ir Mu\u1e25ammad complex is partially visible in between<sup class=\"note\">7<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n     <p class=\"note\"><sup>7<\/sup> Behrens-Abouseif, 2007: 135.<\/p>\r\n     \r\n     <figure class=\"img center\">\r\n       <img src=\"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/wp-content\/themes\/aakenvr_temp\/img\/facility\/function\/function06.jpg\" \/>\r\n       <figcaption align=\"left\">Minaret of al-\u1e24\u0101kim Mosque<\/figcaption>\r\n     <\/figure>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<section>\r\n  <div class=\"inner-content\">\r\n    <div id=\"sec02\">\r\n      <h4>Madrasa<\/h4>\r\n      \r\n       <figure class=\"img\">\r\n         <img src=\"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/wp-content\/themes\/aakenvr_temp\/img\/facility\/function\/floor03.jpg\" \/>\r\n       <\/figure>\r\n\r\n      <p>Across the entranceway corridor from the mausoleum, in the southeast section of the complex, is the madrasa. According to Mamluk biographer Sh\u0101fi\u2018 b. \u2018Al\u012b (died 1330), the Sultan did not initially plan to build a <i>madrasa<\/i>. Amir Sanjar al-Shuj\u0101\u2018\u012b, who oversaw the construction, decided to add one. The sultan was angry when he heard of this, and it is reported that he refused to enter the <i>madrasa<\/i> when he first visited the hospital after the facility was completed<sup class=\"note\">8<\/sup>. Also, according to historian Qir\u1e6d\u0101y (died sometime after 1308), Qalawun wanted to build his mausoleum directly opposite the mausoleum of his former lord Ayyubid Sultan al-S\u0101li\u1e25 Ayy\u016bb (reigned 1240\u201349)<sup class=\"note\">9<\/sup>. In actuality, however, it is the <i>madrasa<\/i> that sits directly opposite the al-S\u0101li\u1e25 Ayy\u016bb mausoleum. Qalawun&#8217;s charitable endowment complex faces the al-S\u0101li\u1e25 Ayy\u016bb mausoleum and the adjacent <i>madrasa<\/i> of Mamluk Sultan Baybars (reigned 1260\u201377). Both Qalawun and Baybars were once companions serving under al-S\u0101li\u1e25 Ayy\u016bb, and also had close ties because Baybars&#8217; son and Qalawun&#8217;s daughter married. This likely influenced Qalawun\u2019s choice of site for building his own complex<sup class=\"note\">10<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n      <p class=\"note\"><sup>8<\/sup> Behrens-Abouseif, 2007: 134. <br \/>\r\n      <sup>9<\/sup> Northrup, 1998: 119.<br \/>\r\n      <sup>10<\/sup> Behrens-Abouseif, 2007: 134.<\/p>\r\n      \r\n      <p>The <i>madrasa<\/i> features a courtyard in the center, a prayer room on the east side, an <i>\u012bwan<\/i> on the west side (hospital side), a small <i>\u012bwan<\/i> and a three-story dormitory on the north side (entranceway corridor side), and an arcade on the south side. This south-side arcade was added during renovations by \u2018Abd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n Katkhud\u0101 in the mid-18th century, and is said to have originally had a small \u012bwan and a three-story dormitory, similar to the north side.<\/p>\r\n      \r\n      <figure class=\"img center\">\r\n        <img src=\"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/wp-content\/themes\/aakenvr_temp\/img\/facility\/function\/function07.jpg\" \/>\r\n        <figcaption align=\"left\">The remaining dormitory on the north side (entranceway corridor side)<\/figcaption>\r\n      <\/figure>\r\n      \r\n      <p>The prayer room is a basilica with a nave and aisles. On the <i>Bayn al-Qa\u1e63rayn<\/i> side of the nave, there is a <i>mi\u1e25r\u0101b<\/i> indicating the direction of Mecca. Next to the <i>mi\u1e25r\u0101b<\/i> is a <i>minbar<\/i> (raised pulpit) for the <i>im\u0101m<\/i> (worship leader) to give <i>khu\u1e6dba<\/i> (sermons).<\/p>\r\n      \r\n      <p>Lectures given in the <i>madrasa<\/i>&#8216;s <i>\u012bwans<\/i> and a prayer room taught about the interpretation of Islamic law of four Sunni legal schools (Shafi&#8217;i, Hanafi, Maliki, and Hanbali) and how to read the Qur&#8217;an. The <i>im\u0101m<\/i> was selected from the Sh\u0101fi&#8217;\u012b school, which was dominant during the Mamluk dynasty. Nevertheless, lectures on Islamic law covered all of four legal schools, with one professor and three assistants for each. In addition to these administrative positions, servants and gatekeepers were appointed and paid salaries. At the beginning of the 14th century, 50 students were reportedly studying at the <i>madrasa<\/i>, and were provided scholarships and dormitories<sup class=\"note\">11<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n      <p class=\"note\"><sup>11<\/sup> <i>Nih\u0101ya<\/i>, 31: 112.<\/p>\r\n      \r\n      <figure class=\"img center\">\r\n        <img src=\"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/wp-content\/themes\/aakenvr_temp\/img\/facility\/function\/function08.jpg\" \/>\r\n        <figcaption align=\"left\">Prayer room<\/figcaption>\r\n      <\/figure>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<section>\r\n  <div class=\"inner-content\">\r\n    <div id=\"sec03\">\r\n      <h4>Hospital<\/h4>\r\n      \r\n       <figure class=\"img\">\r\n         <img src=\"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/wp-content\/themes\/aakenvr_temp\/img\/facility\/function\/floor04.jpg\" \/>\r\n       <\/figure>\r\n       \r\n      <p>After coming in through the main entrance to the complex, proceeding forward down the entranceway corridor, passing the mausoleum on the left and the madrasa on the right, the visitor comes to a T-shaped intersection where corridors extend to the left and right. The hospital building is immediately ahead. Although it is not visible from the <i>Bayn al-Qa\u1e63rayn<\/i> district, the hospital is one of the most visited buildings in this complex.<\/p>\r\n      \r\n       <div class=\"clearfix\">\r\n         <div class=\"halfText floatRight\">\r\n          <p>Sultan Qalawun is said to have established this complex with the main intention of building a hospital. The story is said to have gone as follows. When Qalawun once suffered a serious illness while in a region of Syria and was teetering between life and death, he was cured with medicine prescribed by a doctor at the Nur al-Din <i>b\u012bm\u0101rist\u0101n<\/i> (hospital) in Damascus. This hospital was built through a <i>waqf<\/i> charitable endowment from Zengid dynasty ruler Nur al-Din (reigned 1146\u20131174)<sup class=\"note\">12<\/sup>. Impressed with the medical treatment he received, Qalawun visited Nur al-Din hospital, and swore to God he would build a similar hospital in Cairo. The site where the hospital was constructed was once owned by Sitt al-Mulk, the daughter of Fatimid caliph al-\u2018Az\u012bz bi&#8217;ll\u0101h, and later home to Qu\u1e6db al-D\u012bn A\u1e25mad, the son of the Ayyubid Sultan al-\u2018\u0100dil I, known as the Qu\u1e6db\u012bya\u2019s residence. After that, the Qu\u1e6db\u012bya\u2019s residence was owned by the descendants of Qu\u1e6db al-D\u012bn, whom Qalawun evicted to construct the hospital<sup class=\"note\">13<\/sup>. It is said that, when building the hospital, Amir Sanjar al-Shuj\u0101\u2018\u012b, who oversaw construction of the Qalawun complex, retained the layout of the Qu\u1e6db\u012bya\u2019s residence. There are four <i>\u012bwans<\/i>, each retaining the <i>shadirvan<\/i> (waterspout) it came equipped with<sup class=\"note\">14<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n           <p class=\"note\"><sup>12<\/sup> <i>Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i>, 4: 694.<br \/>\r\n           <sup>13<\/sup> <i>Ta&#8217;r\u012bkh Ibn al-Fur\u0101t<\/i>, 7: 278.<br \/>\r\n           <sup>14<\/sup> <i>Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i>, 4: 694\u201395.<\/p>\r\n         <\/div>\r\n         <figure class=\"halfImg floatLeft\">\r\n           <img src=\"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/wp-content\/themes\/aakenvr_temp\/img\/facility\/function\/function09.jpg\" \/>\r\n           <figcaption><i>Shadirvan<\/i> and basin for the East <i>\u012bwan<\/i><\/figcaption>\r\n         <\/figure>\r\n       <\/div>\r\n       \r\n       <p>At the Qalawun hospital, all Muslims, military and civilian, were accepted for treatment. Moreover, there was no limit on the length of hospital stay<sup class=\"note\">15<\/sup>. When a patient was discharged, they were provided with money and clothing as a form of congratulations, and when a patient died, their bereaved family was provided with money to cover the cost of holding a funeral<sup class=\"note\">16<\/sup>. Thus, the Qalawun hospital not only treated sick and injured Muslims, but also played a social welfare role by providing them with financial support. So-called &#8220;protected persons&#8221; (<i>dhimm\u012b<\/i>) such as Jews and Christians, on the other hand, were not admitted as patients and strictly prohibited from having anything to do with hospital management<sup class=\"note\">17<\/sup>. In that era, only the Islamic faithful were allowed to receive the leading-edge medical care available at hospitals with chief physician.<\/p>\r\n\r\n       <p class=\"note\"><sup>15<\/sup> Tadhkira, 1: 358\u201359.<br \/>\r\n       <sup>16<\/sup> Tadhkira, 1: 367; &#8216;\u012as\u0101, 1981: 96.<br \/>\r\n       <sup>17<\/sup> Tadhkira, 1: 363, 367.<\/p>\r\n       \r\n       <p>The hospital consisted of four departments, each overseen by a department head (<i>ra\u2019\u012bs<\/i>): internal medicine, ophthalmology, surgery, and orthopedics<sup class=\"note\">18<\/sup>. The head of internal medicine was also the hospital\u2019s chief physician (<i>ra\u2019\u012bs al-a\u1e6dibb\u0101\u2019<\/i>) supervising all departments. Moreover, the chief physician\u2019s supervision was not confined just to the hospital but extended to all doctors in Egypt and Syria. The chief physician also supervised lectures on medicine given at the Qalawun hospital. When, through these lectures, a medical student acquired the general background needed as a doctor, he was issued a license (<i>ij\u0101za<\/i>) by the corresponding department head<sup class=\"note\">19<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n       <p class=\"note\"><sup>18<\/sup>  The endowment document mentions only three departments: internal medicine, ophthalmology, and surgery. But al-Nuwayr\u012b, who was engaged in the management of the hospital in the early 14th century, reported there were four departments in the hospital, indicating that an orthopedics department was established some time after the hospital opened (<i>Nih\u0101ya<\/i>, 31: 107). See the following sources regarding the fact that the head of internal medicine also served as the chief physician. Behrens-Abouseif, 1987: 3, 5\u20136; Kikuchi, 1992: 51.<br \/>\r\n       <sup>19<\/sup> Doris Behrens-Abouseif, 1987: 6.<\/p>\r\n       \r\n      <figure class=\"img center\">\r\n        <img src=\"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/wp-content\/themes\/aakenvr_temp\/img\/facility\/function\/function10.jpg\" \/>\r\n        <figcaption align=\"left\">The hospital courtyard. The Qalawun complex minaret and dome can be seen in the background. The north <i>\u012bwan<\/i> is seen in the left foreground.<\/figcaption>\r\n      <\/figure>\r\n      \r\n      <p>Patient rooms were assigned according to symptoms, such as diarrhea, fever, injury, and mental illness. The Egyptian historian al-Maqr\u012bz\u012b (died 1444) reported as follows:<\/p>\r\n      \r\n      <blockquote>The Sultan (Qalawun) assigned male and female employees to deal with the sick, and paid their salaries. Beds were provided for the patients and covered with the necessary sheets. Patients were divided into different locations according to their medical conditions. The four <i>\u012bwans<\/i> of this hospital were allocated to female patients with fevers and others (patients). Ophthalmologist, surgeon, people with diarrhea symptoms, and women were allocted independent room (<i>q\u0101&#8217;a<\/i>). There was also a space for the dead, divided into men&#8217;s and women&#8217;s sections. (<i>Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i>, 4: 696)<\/blockquote>\r\n      \r\n      <p>A floor plan of the Qalawun complex drawn by 19th century architect Pascal Coste (died 1879) also shows that the treatment spaces were divided according to symptoms and gender.<\/p>\r\n\r\n      <figure class=\"img center\">\r\n        <img src=\"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/wp-content\/themes\/aakenvr_temp\/img\/facility\/function\/function11.jpg\" \/>\r\n      <\/figure>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<section>\r\n  <div class=\"inner-content\">  \r\n    <div id=\"sec04\">\r\n      <h4><i>Sab\u012bl-Kutt\u0101b<\/i> (Water Supply \/ Elementary School)<\/h4>\r\n      <p>Outside, near the complex entrance, the remains of a sab\u012bl (public water fountain) are found where the northeast corner of the madrasa sticks out into the street. When the Qalawun complex was constructed, water was supplied for animals here. As the stench created by the animals later became an issue, and it was replaced with a public water supply for humans during the renovations of 1326<sup class=\"note\">20<\/sup>.<\/p>\r\n       \r\n       <p class=\"note\"><sup>20<\/sup> <i>Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i>, 4: 697.<\/p>\r\n      \r\n      <p>In 1346\u201347, Am\u012br Argh\u016bn al-\u2018Al\u0101\u2019\u012b built a <i>sab\u012bl-kutt\u0101b<\/i>, with a <i>sab\u012bl<\/i> on the first floor and a <i>kutt\u0101b<\/i> (a primary school teaching orphans to read and write the Qur&#8217;an) on the second floor<sup class=\"note\">21<\/sup>. At present, no building with such floors remains. But a drawing made toward the end of the 19th century shows a wooden addition above the arcade section in front of the main entrance.<\/p>\r\n       \r\n       <p class=\"note\"><sup>21<\/sup> <i>Sul\u016bk<\/i>, 2: 700.<\/p>\r\n\r\n      <figure class=\"img center\">\r\n        <img src=\"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/wp-content\/themes\/aakenvr_temp\/img\/facility\/function\/function12.jpg\" \/>\r\n        <figcaption>Drawing by unknown author (1878). In this drawing, you can see a wooden addition above the arcade section to the left of the entrance.<br \/>\r\n        Source: Ebers, Georg. &#8220;Egypt: Descriptive, Historical, and Picturesque.&#8221; Volume 1. Cassell &#038; Company, Limited: New York, 1878. p 247.<br \/>\r\n        Image source: TIMEA\uff08<a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.rice.edu\/handle\/1911\/21283\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/scholarship.rice.edu\/handle\/1911\/21283<\/a>\uff09<\/figcaption>\r\n      <\/figure>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    \r\n    <div class=\"note\">\r\n    <p><b>References<\/b><br \/>\r\n    Primary sources:<br \/>\r\n    <small><i>Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d<\/i>: al-Maqr\u012bz\u012b, Taq\u012b al-D\u012bn A\u1e25mad b. \u02bfAl\u012b b. \u02bfAbd al-Q\u0101dir. 2002\u201304. <i>Al-Maw\u0101\u02bfi\u1e93 wal-I\u02bftib\u0101r f\u012b Dhikr al-Khi\u1e6da\u1e6d wal-\u0100th\u0101r.<\/i> London: al-Furq\u0101n Islamic Heritage Foundation.<br \/>\r\n\r\n<i>Nih\u0101ya:<\/i> Nuwayr\u012b, A\u1e25mad b. \u02bbAbd al-Wahh\u0101b. 1923\u201355 (vol. 1\u201318); 1975\u201392 (vol. 19\u201331). <i>Nih\u0101yat al-Arab f\u012b fun\u016bn al-adab.<\/i> 31 vols. Cairo: Ma\u1e6dba\u2018a D\u0101r al-Kutub al-Mi\u1e63r\u012byah.<br \/>\r\n\r\n<i>Sul\u016bk:<\/i> al-Maqr\u012bz\u012b, Taq\u012b al-D\u012bn A\u1e25mad b.&#8217;Al\u012b b. Abd al-Q\u0101dir. 1939\u201373. <i>Kit\u0101b al-Sul\u016bk li-Ma\u02bbrifat Duwal al-Mul\u016bk.<\/i> 4 vols. Cairo: Ma\u1e6dba\u2018a D\u0101r al-Kutub al-Mi\u1e63r\u012bya.<br \/>\r\n\r\n<i>Tadhkira:<\/i> Ibn \u1e24ab\u012bb, Badr al-D\u012bn al-\u1e24a san b.&#8217;Umar al-\u1e24alab\u012b. 1976\u201382. <i>Tadhkirat al-nab\u012bh f\u012b ayy\u0101m al-Man\u1e63\u016br wa ban\u012b-hi.<\/i> 3 vols. Cairo: al-hay\u2019a al-Mi\u1e63r\u012bya al-&#8216;\u0100mma.<br \/>\r\n\r\n<i>Ta&#8217;rikh Ibn al-Fur\u0101t:<\/i> Ibn al-Fur\u0101t, Mu\u1e25ammad ibn \u02bbAbd al-Ra\u1e25\u012bm. 1936. <i>T\u0101&#8217;rikh Ibn al-Fur\u0101t.<\/i> Bairut: al-Ma\u1e6dba\u2019a al-Amrik\u0101n\u012bya.<\/small><\/p>\r\n    \r\n    <p>Secondary works:<br \/>\r\n    <small>Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. <i>Fat\u1e25 All\u0101h and Ab\u016b Zakariyya: Physicians under the Mamluks.<\/i> (Cairo: Institut fran\u00e7ais d&#8217;arch\u00e9ologie orientale, 1987)<br \/>\r\n\r\nBehrens-Abouseif, Doris. <i>Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of the Architecture and its Culture.<\/i> (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 2007)<br \/>\r\n\r\n\u2018\u012as\u0101, A\u1e25mad. <i>T\u0101r\u012bkh al-B\u012bm\u0101rist\u0101n\u0101t fil-Isl\u0101m.<\/i> (Beirut: D\u0101r al-R\u0101\u2019 id al-\u2019Arab\u012b, 1981)<br \/>\r\n\r\nNorthrup, Linda Stevens. <i>From Slave to Sultan: The Career of Al-Man\u1e63\u016br Qal\u0101w\u016bn and the Consolidation of Mamluk Rule in Egypt and Syria (678-689 A.H. \/ 1279-1290 A.D.).<\/i> (Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1998)<br \/>\r\n\r\nTadayoshi Kikuchi, \u201cCairo\u2019s Mansour Hospital in the Mamluk Dynasty: A Review of Waqf Documentation\u201d, in <i>The Katsuji Fujimoto and Ichiro Kato Memorial Collection on Middle Eastern Cultural History<\/i> (in Japanese), (Dohosha, 1992) 47\u201367.<\/small><\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <br \/>\r\n\r\n    <p>English translation: Jeff Gedert<\/p>\r\n\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Qalawun charitable endowment complex is located on the west side of the Bayn al-Qa\u1e63rayn section of al-Mu\u2018izz Street. Across the street, on the east side, is the mausoleum of Qalawun\u2019s former lord Ayyubid Sultan al-S\u0101li\u1e25 Ayy\u016bb, and the madrasa of Qalawun\u2019s ally Mamluk Sultan Baybars. As you enter the Qalawun complex, a corridor extends forward. The mausoleum is on your right, and the madrasa is on your left. The hospital site is at the end of the corridor. Source: Esri, map data: OpenStreetMap. Mausoleum The entrance to the mausoleum was designed to lead worshipers eastward from the corridor between the mausoleum and the hospital (to the west), passing through an antechamber into the main room of the mausoleum. (A side entrance with a few stairs now exists, so visitors can also enter the main room directly from the complex\u2019s main entranceway corridor.) The main room has a square layout, with eight large columns arranged in an octagon providing support&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":8,"menu_order":20,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/57"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=57"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/57\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":448,"href":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/57\/revisions\/448"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/qalawun.aa-ken.jp\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}